O uso de things, thing, anything, something e everything em corpora de aprendiz
Marcia Veirano Pinto (PUC-SP)
A habilidade no uso de palavras sinalizadoras de vagueza como things, thing, anything, something e everything é vista como um dos componentes fundamentais da competência comunicativa (Crystal & Davy, 1975; Carter & McCarthy, 1997), pois o emprego apropriado de tais palavras ameniza a assertividade e autoritarismo da mensagem, além de indicar conhecimento comum assumido, ou seja, caracteriza a inclusão do falante/ autor em um determinado grupo.
Entretanto, tradicionalmente, o ensino formal de seus padrões em livros didáticos de ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira (doravante ILE), ou é muitas vezes ignorado (como é o caso de things e thing) ou tende a ater-se à sua dimensão semântico-sintática (no caso de anything, something e everything), apresentando-as juntamente com a questão do fracionamento na língua inglesa, para que os alunos aprendam a expressar quantidade em orações afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.
Para descobrir se o ensino formal dos aspectos pragmáticos dessas palavras é necessário, ou se alunos de ILE os adquirem naturalmente por meio da exposição à língua inglesa, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o emprego dos padrões de things, thing, anything, something e everything, mais comumente encontrados em um corpus de alunos avançados de inglês como ILE (ICLE), e compará-lo ao emprego dos padrões mais encontrados dessas palavras em um corpus de alunos universitários ingleses e americanos (LOCNESS). A análise piloto apontou possíveis inadequações de emprego dos padrões identificados, relativas à modalidade escrita de linguagem, também no corpus de aprendizes cuja primeira língua é o inglês (LOCNESS). Dessa forma, optou-se pela verificação estatística do emprego dos padrões encontrados nos corpora de aprendiz em dois corpora de referência: o British National Corpus (BNC) e o Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA).
A pesquisa foi embasada pelos princípios teóricos da Lingüística de Corpus, da Pragmática e da abordagem Semântico-Pragmática. A integração de duas linhas teóricas que contemplam a descrição das dimensões discursivas e pragmáticas da língua inglesa fez-se necessária, porque a abordagem metodológica da Lingüística de Corpus levou à identificação de uma grande variedade de padrões cujo uso só era passível de ser explicado ora por meio da Pragmática, ora da Semântico-pragmática e ora por ambas essas teorias.
O levantamento dos padrões mais comuns das palavras de estudo nos corpora de aprendiz foi feito com o auxílio do programa computacional Wordsmith Tools 4.0 e suas ferramentas Wordlist e Concord. Primeiramente, a ferramenta Wordlist permitiu a comparação da freqüência de uso dessas palavras entre os corpora de aprendiz (ICLE e LOCNESS) e os sub-corpora orais e escritos de referência (BNC e COCA). Em seguida, o uso da ferramenta Concord> Collocates para cada uma das palavras de estudo levou à identificação de seus colocados. Cálculos adicionais de T-Escore combinados aos cálculos de Informação Mútua (IM), fornecidos pelo programa, definiram quais seriam os colocados fortes dessas palavras. A ferramenta Concord>Concordance aplicada, novamente, a cada uma das palavras de estudo gerou linhas de concordância que ilustraram o uso de seus colocados fortes e identificou quais eram suas posições mais típicas. A seleção das linhas de concordância que mostravam os colocados fortes em suas posições mais típicas foi feita manualmente.
Os corpora de referência (BNC e COCA), não foram analisados e si. Apenas proporcionaram parâmetros estatísticos automaticamente fornecidos pelos sítios onde se encontram (
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Os resultados indicaram que, em muitos casos, o emprego dos padrões encontrados nos corpora de aprendiz, era inadequado, especialmente no tocante à modalidade escrita de linguagem. Diversos padrões estatisticamente típicos da linguagem oral tanto nas variedades americana e britânica da língua inglesa são utilizados tanto pelos alunos de ILE quanto pelos alunos universitários ingleses e americanos, com freqüências significativamente mais elevadas em linguagem escrita. Outro resultado que merece destaque é o fato de que alguns dos padrões encontrados no corpus de aprendiz de ILE (ICLE) parecem apontar para o aprendizado de itens lexicais de modo fragmentado e não como unidades de significado únicas, ou seja, são possíveis em termos semântico-sintáticos, mas raros nas variedades britânica e americana da língua inglesa.
Por fim, parece ter se comprovado que o ensino formal dos padrões das palavras things, thing, anything, something e everything é necessário. Principalmente, no tocante à sua dimensão pragmática e discursiva, cujo entendimento levará ao emprego mais adequado dessas palavras nas modalidades oral e escrita de linguagem e, conseqüentemente, à maior competência lingüística.
Palavras-chave: descrição de língua; corpora de aprendiz; pragmática; palavras sinalizadoras de vagueza.
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